Many high school students struggle with studying because they were never taught how to do it effectively. Instead of relying on outdated or inefficient methods like cramming or passive re-reading, students can benefit from evidence-based study techniques that improve retention and understanding. Here are some science-backed strategies to enhance learning and academic performance.
Spaced Repetition
One of the most effective ways to retain information is through spaced repetition. This method involves spreading study sessions over time rather than trying to learn everything at once in a single, exhausting session. Studies show that reviewing information at increasing intervals—such as reviewing notes a day after first learning them, then three days later, then a week later—helps strengthen memory retention and reduces forgetting. This technique works because it leverages the brain’s ability to reinforce knowledge over time rather than attempting to memorize large amounts of information in a short period.
Students can implement this method by using flashcards or spaced repetition apps like Anki or Quizlet, which automate the review process based on optimal intervals for learning. By incorporating spaced repetition into their study routine, students can enhance their recall abilities and perform better on exams without the stress of last-minute cramming.
Active Recall
Active recall is another powerful learning strategy that involves actively retrieving information from memory rather than passively reviewing notes or textbooks. Instead of simply reading and highlighting material, students should challenge themselves to recall key concepts without looking at their study materials. This can be done by answering self-generated questions, summarizing topics aloud, or using flashcards to test their knowledge.
Research has shown that engaging in active recall strengthens neural connections and enhances long-term retention. When students practice recalling information without external cues, they develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. An effective way to incorporate active recall is by closing the textbook and trying to write or explain what was just studied, then checking for accuracy. Over time, this method builds confidence and ensures that information is deeply embedded in memory, making it easier to retrieve during tests and exams.
The Pomodoro Technique
Many students struggle with maintaining focus for extended periods, leading to burnout and decreased efficiency. The Pomodoro Technique is a time management strategy designed to enhance concentration and productivity by breaking study sessions into manageable chunks. It involves setting a timer for 25 minutes of focused study, followed by a short 5-minute break. After four Pomodoro sessions, a longer break of 15–30 minutes is taken. This structured approach prevents mental fatigue, encourages sustained focus, and helps students maintain motivation throughout their study sessions.
By incorporating short breaks, the brain remains engaged and retains information more effectively. Students who find themselves easily distracted or overwhelmed by long study sessions can greatly benefit from this technique, as it keeps their mind fresh and alert while ensuring consistent progress in their learning.
Interleaving Practice
A common mistake students make is studying one topic or subject for an extended period before moving on to another, a method known as blocking. While this may seem effective, research suggests that interleaving—mixing different topics or types of problems within a single study session—leads to better learning outcomes. This technique forces the brain to constantly switch between different types of information, improving problem-solving skills and adaptability.
For example, a student studying math could alternate between algebra, geometry, and statistics instead of focusing solely on one area. By interleaving different subjects or concepts, students enhance their ability to recognize patterns, make connections, and apply knowledge in diverse contexts. Although this method may initially feel more challenging, it ultimately strengthens cognitive flexibility and prepares students for varied question formats on exams.
Elaborative Interrogation & Self-Explanation
Understanding new material goes beyond memorization—it requires making meaningful connections. Elaborative interrogation involves asking “why” questions about the material being studied, which encourages deeper engagement and critical thinking. Instead of simply accepting facts at face value, students should actively question why certain concepts work the way they do. Similarly, self-explanation involves explaining concepts in one’s own words, which strengthens comprehension and reinforces learning.
One of the best ways to use this technique is by pretending to teach the material to someone else, which forces students to clarify their understanding and identify gaps in their knowledge. This process enhances retention, as information that is actively processed is more likely to be remembered long-term. When students take the time to explain their reasoning and connect ideas, they build a more solid foundation for learning and application.
Dual Coding
Dual coding is a study technique that involves using both verbal and visual information to reinforce learning. Studies have shown that combining words with images, diagrams, charts, or mind maps enhances memory and comprehension. When students engage with information in multiple formats, their brains create stronger associations, making it easier to recall later. For example, instead of only reading a history textbook, students could create a timeline with key events and corresponding images to visualize the sequence of events.
Science students might draw labeled diagrams to supplement their written notes. This technique is particularly beneficial for visual learners, but it can enhance understanding for all students. By incorporating visual elements into their study routine, students can improve information retention and develop a more holistic grasp of complex subjects.
Practice Testing
One of the most effective study techniques is taking practice tests. Testing oneself regularly helps identify knowledge gaps, strengthens memory recall, and reduces test anxiety. Studies show that retrieval practice—actively recalling information through quizzes or practice exams—significantly enhances long-term retention.
Instead of waiting until the night before an exam to test themselves, students should integrate practice testing throughout their study routine. They can use past exams, online quizzes, or create their own tests to assess their understanding. Self-testing not only measures progress but also reinforces learning by forcing the brain to retrieve information under exam-like conditions. This method boosts confidence and helps students become more comfortable with the format and difficulty of real exams.
Creating a Distraction-Free Environment
In today’s digital age, distractions are one of the biggest barriers to effective studying. Social media notifications, text messages, and background noise can severely impact concentration and productivity. To maximize focus, students should create a distraction-free study environment by turning off phone notifications, using website blockers, and choosing a quiet study space.
Some students may find that background music or white noise helps them concentrate, while others perform best in complete silence. Identifying personal preferences and optimizing the study space accordingly can lead to more efficient study sessions. Additionally, maintaining an organized workspace with all necessary materials readily available minimizes disruptions and allows students to stay on track with their learning.
Getting Enough Sleep
Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, cognitive function, and overall academic performance. Many students sacrifice sleep to study late into the night, believing it will improve their results. However, research shows that sleep deprivation impairs concentration, reduces retention, and negatively affects problem-solving abilities. Students should aim for at least 7–9 hours of sleep per night to ensure their brains are well-rested and capable of processing information effectively. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding screens before bedtime, and practicing relaxation techniques can improve sleep quality. Prioritizing rest allows students to wake up refreshed, alert, and better prepared to absorb and retain new information.
Maintaining a Growth Mindset
Beyond study techniques, mindset plays a critical role in academic success. Students who adopt a growth mindset—believing that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and persistence—are more likely to overcome challenges and stay motivated. Instead of viewing mistakes as failures, they should see them as opportunities for learning and improvement. Encouraging resilience, self-reflection, and a positive attitude toward learning fosters confidence and long-term academic success. Teachers and parents can support this mindset by praising effort rather than innate ability and reinforcing the idea that persistence leads to progress.
Conclusion
By transitioning from ineffective study habits to research-backed techniques, students can significantly enhance their academic performance and reduce frustration. Implementing methods like spaced repetition, active recall, and practice testing not only improves retention but also builds essential learning skills that extend beyond the classroom. Teaching these strategies in schools or encouraging students to adopt them can empower learners to take control of their education and achieve their full potential.